Most Important Topics in Modern India Part 5

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Modern India typically refers to the period of Indian history following the country’s independence from British colonial rule on August 15, 1947. This era is marked by significant political, social, and economic changes in India, as the country began to build its own government and institutions, develop its economy, and address various social and cultural issues.

During the early years of independence, India’s political landscape was dominated by the Indian National Congress party, led by Jawaharlal Nehru, who served as the country’s first Prime Minister. Nehru’s government implemented a number of progressive policies, including land reform, public education, and the establishment of a mixed economy with significant state control over key industries.

In the decades that followed, India experienced significant growth and development, particularly in the areas of agriculture, industry, and technology. However, the country also faced a number of challenges, including ongoing conflicts with neighboring Pakistan and China, political corruption and instability, and persistent poverty and inequality.

In recent years, India has emerged as a major global economic power, with a rapidly growing middle class and a thriving tech sector. However, the country continues to face significant social and economic challenges, including high levels of inequality, environmental degradation, and ongoing conflicts with neighboring countries.

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Most Important Topics in Modern India Part 5

Bardoli Satyagraha (1928)

The Bardoli Satyagraha was a nonviolent resistance movement led by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel in Bardoli, Gujarat, India in 1928. The movement was launched to protest against an oppressive tax levied by the British colonial government on the farmers of Bardoli.

The tax was a result of the government’s decision to increase the revenue collection rates by 30% in the region, which caused immense hardship to the farmers who were already struggling to make ends meet. Despite several appeals and petitions, the government refused to budge and even threatened to confiscate the land of the farmers who did not pay the tax.

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, who was a prominent leader of the Indian National Congress, took up the cause of the farmers and led a campaign of civil disobedience against the tax. He organized mass protests, strikes, and boycotts of British goods to exert pressure on the government to repeal the tax.

The movement gained widespread support from across the country, and several prominent leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru extended their support to the cause. The British government was forced to take notice of the protests, and after several rounds of negotiations, it agreed to withdraw the tax.

The Bardoli Satyagraha is considered a landmark event in the Indian independence movement as it showcased the power of nonviolent resistance and the ability of the common people to challenge the might of the colonial government. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel emerged as a popular leader and played a crucial role in the freedom struggle, later becoming India’s first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister after independence.

Nehru Report (1928)

The Nehru Report was a political document prepared by a committee of Indian leaders led by Motilal Nehru in 1928. The report aimed to propose a new constitution for India that would provide for greater autonomy and self-rule for the Indian people under British colonial rule.

The Nehru Report was a response to the British government’s invitation to the Indian National Congress and other political groups to submit their proposals for constitutional reforms. The report proposed the creation of a federal system of government with a strong central government and autonomous provinces. It also called for the protection of fundamental rights, including religious and linguistic minorities, and the abolition of discriminatory laws based on caste and religion.

However, the report was criticized by some Indian leaders, particularly those from the Muslim community, who felt that it did not adequately address the concerns of minorities. They felt that the report’s proposals for a strong central government and the protection of religious and linguistic minorities were inadequate and that it did not provide for adequate representation of Muslims in the government.

As a result, the Muslim League, under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, presented its own proposal called the Fourteen Points, which demanded greater autonomy and representation for Muslims in India.

Although the Nehru Report was not ultimately adopted as India’s constitution, it played a significant role in shaping the political discourse and highlighting the demands of the Indian people for greater self-rule and autonomy. It also served as a precursor to the Indian Constitution, which was adopted after India’s independence in 1947.

Lahore Session, 1929

The Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress was held in Lahore in 1929. The session is notable for two significant events: the passing of the historic resolution of complete independence, and the announcement of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

The resolution of complete independence, also known as the Purna Swaraj resolution, was passed on 31st December 1929. The resolution declared the Congress’s aim to achieve complete independence from British colonial rule and set 26th January 1930 as the date for the countrywide celebration of Independence Day.

The Lahore session also saw the announcement of the Civil Disobedience Movement, which aimed to achieve the goal of complete independence through nonviolent resistance and non-cooperation with the British government. The movement was officially launched on 12th March 1930, with the famous Dandi March led by Mahatma Gandhi.

The Lahore session was attended by several prominent Indian leaders, including Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose, and Maulana Azad. The session marked a significant shift in the Congress’s approach towards the Indian independence movement, with a greater emphasis on direct action and nonviolent resistance.

The Lahore session and the subsequent Civil Disobedience Movement played a crucial role in India’s struggle for independence and paved the way for the Quit India Movement and ultimately, India’s independence in 1947. The resolution of complete independence passed at the Lahore session also became the basis for India’s constitution, which was adopted after independence.

Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1931)

The Civil Disobedience Movement was a nonviolent resistance movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in India from 1930 to 1931. The movement aimed to challenge British colonial rule in India and achieve Indian independence through nonviolent means.

The movement began with the famous Dandi Salt March, which was a 24-day march led by Mahatma Gandhi to protest against the British salt tax. Gandhi and his followers marched for over 240 miles, breaking the British monopoly on salt production by collecting salt from the seashore. The march sparked widespread civil disobedience across India, with millions of people participating in protests, boycotts of British goods, and non-cooperation with the colonial government.

The Civil Disobedience Movement was not limited to just the salt tax, and it also aimed to challenge other oppressive British policies such as the Land Revenue system, which imposed heavy taxes on farmers, and the British textile industry, which destroyed India’s indigenous textile industry.

The movement was met with brutal repression by the British authorities, and thousands of Indian leaders and activists were arrested. However, the nonviolent resistance of the Indian people forced the British government to negotiate with the Congress and release several leaders.

The Civil Disobedience Movement ultimately ended in 1931 with the signing of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, in which the British government agreed to release all political prisoners and allow the Congress to participate in the Round Table Conferences. Although the movement did not immediately achieve its goal of Indian independence, it played a crucial role in raising the consciousness of the Indian people and energizing the independence movement.

First Round Conference, 1930

The First Round Table Conference was a series of meetings held in London in 1930 between the British government and Indian political leaders to discuss the future of India and its constitutional reforms. The conference was the first of three such conferences held between 1930 and 1932.

The conference was called by the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald to discuss the proposed reforms to India’s constitution, which aimed to increase the participation of Indians in the government and provide greater autonomy to the Indian provinces.

The conference was attended by a large delegation of Indian political leaders, including representatives from the Indian National Congress, the Muslim League, and other political parties. However, the Congress, which was the largest political party in India at the time, boycotted the conference because several of its leaders were in prison following the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Despite the absence of the Congress, the conference was able to discuss and debate several issues, including the proposed federal structure of the Indian government, the representation of different communities in the government, and the safeguards for minority rights.

However, the conference was ultimately unsuccessful in achieving its goals due to the lack of consensus among the Indian leaders and the British government’s unwillingness to concede to many of the Indian demands. The conference ended without any agreement on the proposed constitutional reforms, and the British government continued to hold on to its colonial rule in India.

The failure of the First Round Table Conference further intensified the Indian independence movement, and the Indian leaders intensified their demands for complete independence from British rule.

Gandhi-Irwin Pact, 1931

The Gandhi-Irwin Pact, also known as the Delhi Pact, was an agreement signed between Mahatma Gandhi and the then Viceroy of India, Lord Irwin, on 5th March 1931. The pact was signed to end the Civil Disobedience Movement and the arrest of political leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi.

The pact was signed after several rounds of negotiations between the Indian National Congress and the British government, represented by Lord Irwin. The negotiations were mediated by Mahadev Desai, Gandhi’s secretary, and Sir Samuel Hoare, the Secretary of State for India.

Under the terms of the pact, the Congress agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement and participate in the Second Round Table Conference, which was scheduled to take place in London. The British government, in turn, agreed to release all political prisoners and withdraw all ordinances that were introduced to suppress the movement.

The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was seen as a significant victory for the Indian National Congress, as it secured the release of political prisoners and created an opportunity for the Congress to participate in the Second Round Table Conference. The pact also marked a significant shift in the British government’s attitude towards the Indian independence movement, as it recognized the Congress as the legitimate representative of the Indian people.

However, the pact was not without its critics, and some members of the Congress accused Gandhi of compromising too much with the British government. Nevertheless, the pact paved the way for further negotiations between the Indian leaders and the British government, which ultimately led to India’s independence in 1947.

Karachi session of 1931

The Karachi Session of 1931 was a historic meeting of the Indian National Congress, which took place from March 29 to April 3, 1931, in Karachi (now in Pakistan). The session was presided over by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.

The session was significant because it marked the first time that the Indian National Congress openly declared its goal of achieving complete independence or ‘Purna Swaraj’ from British colonial rule. The resolution for ‘Purna Swaraj’ was passed on January 26, 1930, which is now celebrated as India’s Republic Day.

The Karachi session was attended by several prominent leaders of the Indian freedom struggle, including Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose, and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. The session also witnessed the election of Jawaharlal Nehru as the President of the Indian National Congress.

The session also witnessed the adoption of the ‘Fundamental Rights and Economic Programme’ which became the basis for the future Constitution of India. This programme included the rights to free speech, assembly, and association, as well as the right to work and education.

Overall, the Karachi Session of 1931 was a landmark event in the history of India’s struggle for independence, and it paved the way for the country’s eventual freedom from British rule.

Second Round Conference, 1931

The Second Round Table Conference was a series of negotiations held in London from September to December 1931 between the British government and Indian political leaders. The conference was called by the British government in response to the Indian National Congress’s demand for India’s complete independence from British rule.

The conference was attended by a range of Indian political leaders, including representatives from the Indian National Congress, the Muslim League, and other minority groups. However, Mahatma Gandhi, who was the leader of the Indian National Congress, was not invited to the conference.

The conference was chaired by the British Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald, and attended by other British political leaders and officials. The main issue discussed at the conference was the future political structure of India and the relationship between India and Britain.

The discussions at the conference were primarily focused on the proposals put forward in the “White Paper” of 1930, which had recommended a federal system of government for India with limited autonomy for the provinces.

The conference failed to reach an agreement, primarily due to the differences between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League on issues related to communal representation and the future status of Muslims in India. Despite this, the conference helped to establish the principle of Indian self-rule and led to the eventual adoption of the Government of India Act 1935, which granted limited autonomy to the provinces of India.

Civil Disobedience Movement (Second-Phase)

The Civil Disobedience Movement was a significant movement in India’s struggle for independence from British rule. The Second Phase of the Civil Disobedience Movement took place in 1932, after the failure of the Second Round Table Conference.

The Second Phase of the Civil Disobedience Movement was led by Mahatma Gandhi and was marked by a series of protests, strikes, and acts of civil disobedience across India. The main focus of the movement was to demand the abolition of the “Communal Award” which had granted separate electorates to the Dalits (the “untouchables”) and other minority communities.

Gandhi began the movement by going on a 21-day fast in protest of the “Communal Award”. The movement also saw the famous Salt Satyagraha, where people across India defied the British salt laws and made salt from seawater, which was a symbolic act of defiance against British rule.

The British responded to the movement with brutal force, and there were widespread incidents of violence and repression across India. Thousands of people were arrested, and many more were injured or killed during the protests and clashes with the police.

Despite the repression, the Second Phase of the Civil Disobedience Movement succeeded in highlighting the injustices of British rule and strengthening the resolve of the Indian people to continue their struggle for independence. The movement also marked a significant shift in the strategy of the Indian National Congress, from a demand for limited autonomy to a demand for complete independence.

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Most Important Topics in Modern India Part 5

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