DNA & RNA and Structure Notes pdf

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DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that play essential roles in the storage, transmission, and expression of genetic information. Here are some key notes about their structure:

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid):

Structure: DNA is a double-stranded molecule composed of two long chains, or strands, that are twisted together to form a double helix structure. The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide bases.
Nucleotides: DNA is made up of smaller units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of three components: a sugar molecule called deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine).
Base Pairing: The two strands of DNA are connected by complementary base pairing. Adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G). This pairing is held together by hydrogen bonds.
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid):

Structure: RNA is typically a single-stranded molecule, although some types of RNA can fold back on themselves to form secondary structures. It also consists of nucleotides linked together by phosphodiester bonds.
Nucleotides: RNA nucleotides are similar to DNA nucleotides but differ in the sugar component. RNA contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose found in DNA. Additionally, thymine (T) is replaced by uracil (U) as one of the bases. The four bases in RNA are adenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
Types of RNA: There are different types of RNA involved in various cellular processes. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis. Transfer RNA (tRNA) helps in translating the genetic code by bringing amino acids to the ribosomes. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a component of ribosomes, where protein synthesis occurs.
DNA vs. RNA:

Function: DNA carries the genetic instructions necessary for the development, functioning, and reproduction of living organisms. RNA plays a crucial role in translating the genetic information in DNA into proteins.
Stability: DNA is more stable than RNA due to the presence of an extra hydroxyl group on the ribose sugar in RNA, which makes RNA more prone to degradation.
Location: DNA is primarily found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, whereas RNA is present in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells.
Base Pairing: DNA follows the A-T and C-G base pairing rules, while RNA follows the A-U and C-G base pairing rules.
The structure of DNA and RNA is fundamental to their functions in storing and transmitting genetic information and carrying out protein synthesis. Their distinct properties and interactions contribute to the complexity and diversity of living organisms.

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Most Important DNA & RNA and Structure Question Answer

DNA Structure:

Double Helix: DNA has a double helix structure, resembling a twisted ladder or spiral staircase. It consists of two long strands of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds.

Nucleotides: Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA. Each nucleotide consists of three components: a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).

Base Pairing: The two strands of DNA are connected by complementary base pairing. Adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T) through two hydrogen bonds, and cytosine (C) always pairs with guanine (G) through three hydrogen bonds. This pairing provides the genetic code.

Antiparallel Orientation: The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions, referred to as antiparallel. One strand runs in the 5′ to 3′ direction, while the other runs in the 3′ to 5′ direction.

Chromosomes: DNA molecules are tightly coiled and organized into structures called chromosomes. Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and carry genetic information.

RNA Structure:

Single-stranded: Unlike DNA, RNA is usually single-stranded. However, it can fold upon itself to form secondary structures.

Ribose Sugar: RNA contains a ribose sugar molecule instead of deoxyribose. The presence of an extra oxygen atom differentiates RNA from DNA.

Uracil Base: In RNA, thymine (T) is replaced by the base uracil (U). Adenine (A) still pairs with uracil (U) through two hydrogen bonds, and cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G) through three hydrogen bonds.

Types of RNA: There are different types of RNA with specific functions. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis. Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a component of the ribosomes, where protein synthesis occurs.

Transcription: RNA is synthesized through a process called transcription. During transcription, an enzyme called RNA polymerase synthesizes an RNA molecule using a DNA template.

RNA Modifications: RNA molecules can undergo various modifications, including the addition of a cap structure at the 5′ end and a poly-A tail at the 3′ end. These modifications protect the RNA molecule and regulate its stability and processing.

DNA and RNA play vital roles in storing, transmitting, and expressing genetic information. DNA carries the hereditary information, while RNA is involved in the synthesis of proteins and other cellular processes. The unique structures of DNA and RNA enable their specific functions in the cell.

DNA: Full form of DNA is Deoxyribonucleic Acid.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a POLYMER OF NUCLEOTIDES (a molecule composed of two chains made of nucleotides) which coil around each other to form a double helix structure.
This double helix structure of DNA carries the genetic information used in the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
It is found in cell organelles like Chloroplast, Mitochondria, Nucleus.
Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a sugar called deoxyribose, and a nitrogen base.
Each nucleotide consists of one of four nitrogen-containing nucleobases Purine (guanine [G], adenine [A]), and Pyrimidine (cytosine [C], or thymine [T]), a sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group.
Adenine forms a double bond with Thymine.
Cytosine forms a triple bond with Guanine.

DNA-Structure:

James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the DNA Structure in 1953.
DNA has a double helix Hydrogen strand structure.
The nitrogenous bases in DNA of the two separate polynucleotide strands are bound together, according to base-pairing rules (A with T by double bond and C with G by the triple bond), with hydrogen bonds to make double-stranded DNA.
1 unit of DNA can have a maximum number of 11 nitrogenous bases, but we cannot determine the length of DNA.
The distance between base pairs of DNA is 3.4 Angstroms.
The total Diameter of DNA is 20 Angstroms.
The distance from midpoint to tilt point of DNA is 10 Angstrom.
The distance of 2 tilt of DNA is 34 Angstrom.
The width of a single DNA thread is 2.8 Angstrom.

DNA-Function:

DNA stores biological information.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid found in cell organelles that contains the genetic information for the growth, development, and function of living organisms. All known cellular organisms and some viruses contain DNA.
It is a biological macromolecule that carries hereditary instructions in many organisms.
DNA is necessary for the production of proteins, metabolism, regulation, and reproduction of the cell.

RNA:

Full form of RNA is Ribonucleic Acid.
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is also a nucleic acid polymeric molecule that essential in many biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is usually single-stranded, unlike DNA.
A nucleotide in an RNA chain will contain ribose (the five-carbon sugar), one of the four nitrogenous bases (Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, or Cytosine), and a phosphate group.
Purine (guanine [G], adenine [A])), and Pyrimidine (Uracil and cytosine).

Type of RNAs: t RNA – Transfer RNA:

It is 15 – 20% of total RNA.
It is stable in nature and serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequences of proteins.

m – RNA – Messenger RNA:

It is 5-10% of total RNA. It is formed from DNA and lives for a short period.
A large family of RNA is mRNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.
specify the sequence of amino acid of the protein products of gene expression.

The function of RNA:

RNA does not carry any genetic material.
DNA makes RNA, and RNA in return makes Protein.
It starts the synthesis of peptide bonds by translating RNA information into protein information.

Image of DNA and RNA structure:

DNA and RNA | DNA VS RNA | Full Form, Definition, Structure, Differences, Function of DNA and RNA Notes|
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