Human Circulation System Notes pdf

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The human circulatory system, also known as the cardiovascular system, is responsible for the transportation of blood, nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. Here are some key notes about the human circulatory system:

Heart: The heart is a muscular organ located in the chest. It acts as a pump that contracts and relaxes to circulate blood. The heart consists of four chambers: two atria (left and right) and two ventricles (left and right). The right side of the heart receives oxygen-depleted blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation, while the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body.

Blood Vessels: Blood vessels are a network of tubes that carry blood throughout the body. There are three main types of blood vessels:

Arteries: Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body’s tissues and organs. They have thick, muscular walls that help maintain blood pressure.
Veins: Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the body’s tissues. They have thinner walls than arteries and contain valves that prevent the backward flow of blood.
Capillaries: Capillaries are tiny, thin-walled vessels that connect arteries and veins. They facilitate the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues.
Systemic Circulation: Systemic circulation refers to the circulation of blood between the heart and the body’s tissues. Oxygenated blood is pumped out of the left ventricle into the aorta, the largest artery in the body. The aorta branches into smaller arteries that deliver blood to various organs and tissues. In capillaries, oxygen and nutrients are exchanged with the surrounding tissues, and deoxygenated blood is collected by venules and then veins. The deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium of the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava.

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Most Important Human Circulation System Answer

Human Heart:

 Biological term for the heart is ‘Cardio’ and study of heart is called ‘Cardiology’.
 The male heart weighs about 300 grams approximately, and the female heart about 250 grams.
 The major function of the heart is circulation and pumping of blood through the body.
 It is a pumping organ works in a rhythmic cyclic manner with a systole (shrinkage for 0.3 sec) and a diastole (expansion for 0.5 sec).
 A heartbeat lasts for 0.8 seconds and consists of both of these.
 The heartbeat of a normal person is 72 beats/minute.
 The shrew has one of the highest Heart Rate i.e. 800 beats per minute.

Anatomy of the Human Heart:

Structure & Chambers
 The human heart has four chambers.
 The myocardium is the muscular substance of the heart;
 The middle of the three layers forming the outer wall of the human heart.
 The membrane which covers heart is called Pericardium, it protects the heart.
 There are two upper chambers (anterior) in the heart, the right and left atrium.
 There are two lower chambers (posterior) in the heart, the right and left ventricle.
 Interventricular Septum is the stout wall separating the lower chambers (the ventricles) of the heart from one another.

Pulmonary Circulation:

Pulmonary circulation refers to the circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs. Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium and then flows into the right ventricle. From the right ventricle, the blood is pumped to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries. In the lungs, carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen, and oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium of the heart through the pulmonary veins.

Blood: Blood is a specialized fluid that circulates through the circulatory system. It is composed of various components:

Red Blood Cells (RBCs): RBCs, or erythrocytes, carry oxygen to the body’s tissues and remove carbon dioxide. They contain a protein called hemoglobin that binds to oxygen.
White Blood Cells (WBCs): WBCs, or leukocytes, are involved in the immune response and help defend the body against infections and diseases.
Platelets: Platelets, or thrombocytes, play a crucial role in blood clotting, helping to prevent excessive bleeding.
Plasma: Plasma is the liquid component of blood. It carries nutrients, hormones, waste products, and other substances throughout the body.
Regulation and Control: The circulatory system is regulated and controlled by the autonomic nervous system and various hormones. The heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow to different organs can be adjusted based on the body’s needs.

The human circulatory system is a complex network that ensures the delivery of essential substances and the removal of waste products throughout the body. It plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis and supporting the proper functioning of all organs and tissues.

Human Heart:

Biological term for the heart is ‘Cardio’ and study of heart is called ‘Cardiology’.
The male heart weighs about 300 grams approximately, and the female heart about 250 grams.
The major function of the heart is circulation and pumping of blood through the body.
It is a pumping organ works in a rhythmic cyclic manner with a systole (shrinkage for 0.3 sec) and a diastole (expansion for 0.5 sec).
A heartbeat lasts for 0.8 seconds and consists of both of these.
The heartbeat of a normal person is 72 beats/minute.
The shrew has one of the highest Heart Rate i.e. 800 beats per minute.

Anatomy of the Human Heart:

structure of chambers of the heart

Human Circulation System
The human heart has four chambers.
The myocardium is the muscular substance of the heart.
The middle of the three layers forming the outer wall of the human heart.
The membrane which covers heart is called Pericardium, it protects the heart.
There are two upper chambers (anterior) in the heart, the right and left atrium.
There are two lower chambers (posterior) in the heart, the right and left ventricle.
Inter ventricular Septum is the stout wall separating the lower chambers (the ventricles) of the heart from one another.
Heart chambers and valves

Valves:

Cardiac (Heart) Valves are any of the heart valves that work together to regulate the flow of blood through the chambers of the heart.
There is a tricuspid valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
There is a bicuspid valve between the left atrium and left ventricle.

Vein:

Veins are the blood vessels that carry blood to the heart in an even flow. They have thin walls, large lumens, and valves.
Veins contain impure blood i.e. carbon dioxide mixed blood.
The pulmonary vein is an exception as it always carries pureblood.
The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart, which then flows through the body.
Vena Cava is a large vein which returns blood from the head, neck, and extremities to the heart.
Superior Vena Cava is a large vein that carries blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest to the heart.

Artery:

The artery is the vessel which carries blood from the heart towards the body.
Artery contains pure blood i.e. oxygen mixed blood.
The pulmonary arteries are an exception, as they always carry impure blood or deoxygenated blood.
Aorta is the largest artery in the body. It carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to vessels and then reach the rest of the body.
The artery which carrying blood to the muscles of the heart is called the coronary arteries. Any type of hindrance in it can cause a heart attack.

Blood Circulation System:

Lungs are a pair of organs in Thoracic cavity, and also called chest cavity, which supplies the body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body.
Capillaries are the smallest body’s blood vessels.
Oxygen and glucose pass through capillary walls and enter the blood cells.
Waste products such as carbon dioxide pass back from the cells into the blood through capillaries.
Endothelium is the innermost layer of blood vessels that consists of just a single layer of cells.
Human Circulation System

Pulmonary Circulation:

Pulmonary Circulation means circulation of the blood through the lungs.
The human heart can pump 70 ml blood in one cycle.
Impure blood is present in the right heart chamber i.e. carbon dioxide mixed with blood.
Pure blood is present in the left heart chamber i.e. oxygen mixed blood.
Pulmonary Artery and its branches deliver blood rich in carbon dioxide (and lacking in oxygen)
to the capillaries that surround the air sacs.
Pulmonary Veins return the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

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