
Political Science Notes
Hello Aspirants,
Certainly! Here are some basic notes on political science:
Definition of Political Science: Political science is the systematic study of politics, government, and political behavior. It seeks to understand how political systems work, the distribution of power, the behavior of individuals and groups in the political arena, and the impact of government policies on society.
Key Concepts in Political Science:
- Power: The ability to influence or control the behavior of others, often exercised by governments, institutions, or individuals.
- Authority: The legitimate use of power, often derived from laws, traditions, or consent of the governed.
- State: A sovereign political entity with defined boundaries, a government, and a population. States are often synonymous with countries.
- Government: The system of institutions and individuals that make and enforce laws and policies within a state.
- Political Ideologies: Sets of political beliefs and values that guide individuals and societies in making political decisions. Examples include liberalism, conservatism, socialism, and fascism.
- Democracy: A form of government in which power is vested in the people, who either directly participate in decision-making or elect representatives to do so on their behalf.
- Authoritarianism: A system of government characterized by a concentration of power in the hands of a single leader or a small group, with limited political freedoms and civil liberties.
- Political Parties: Organized groups of people with common political beliefs that compete for political power through elections.
- Public Policy: The actions and decisions taken by governments to address specific issues or problems, often in the form of laws, regulations, and programs.
- International Relations: The study of interactions between states, including diplomacy, conflict, trade, and alliances.
- Political Economy: The study of the relationship between politics and economics, including how government policies influence economic outcomes.
- Political Culture: The shared beliefs, values, and norms that shape political behavior and attitudes within a society.
- Civil Society: Non-governmental organizations, associations, and groups that operate independently of the government but play a role in shaping public opinion and policy.
- Political Participation: The ways in which individuals engage in the political process, including voting, activism, and advocacy.
- Globalization: The process of increased interconnectedness and interdependence among countries, often involving economic, cultural, and political exchanges.
Branches of Political Science:
- Comparative Politics: The study of different political systems, governments, and cultures to identify patterns and differences.
- International Relations: Focuses on the interactions between states, international organizations, and non-state actors in the global arena.
- Political Theory: Examines the philosophical foundations of politics, including concepts of justice, freedom, and equality.
- Public Administration: Concerned with the management and functioning of government bureaucracies and public policy implementation.
- Political Economy: Analyzes the relationship between politics and economics, particularly in the context of policymaking and international trade.
- Public Policy: Studies the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of government policies and their impact on society.
- Political Sociology: Explores the social factors and structures that influence political behavior and attitudes.
These are just some basic notes on political science. The field is vast and continually evolving, with many sub-disciplines and areas of specialization. Political scientists use various research methods, including qualitative and quantitative analysis, to better understand political phenomena and inform public discourse and policymaking.
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★ भारतीय संवैधानिक इतिहास की मुख्य घटनाये :-
1. रेग्युलेटिंग एक्ट 1773
2. पिट्स इंडिया एक्ट 1784
3. चार्टर एक्ट 1793
4. चार्टर एक्ट 1813
5. चार्टर एक्ट 1833
6. चार्टर एक्ट 1853
7. भारत सरकार अधिनियम 1858
8. भारत परिषद अधिनियम 1861
9. भारत परिषद अधिनियम 1892
10. मार्ले मिण्टो सुधार अधिनियम 1909
11. भारत शासन अधिनियम 1919
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