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INTERNATIONAL TREATY ON ENVIRONMENT UPSC

   Published Date: 8th March 2023
INTERNATIONAL TREATY ON ENVIRONMENT UPSC

INTERNATIONAL TREATY ON ENVIRONMENT UPSC

Hello aspirants,

An international treaty on the environment is an agreement between two or more countries to work together to protect the environment. These treaties can cover a range of environmental issues, from climate change to biodiversity conservation, and they are often negotiated through the United Nations.

The objective of international environmental treaties is to establish common goals and standards for environmental protection that all signatory countries must adhere to. They provide a framework for countries to work together to address environmental issues that cannot be effectively addressed by individual countries alone.

International environmental treaties typically include provisions for monitoring and reporting on progress, as well as mechanisms for resolving disputes between countries. Some treaties also establish funding mechanisms to support environmental protection efforts in developing countries.

Examples of international environmental treaties include the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), and the Paris Agreement. The UNFCCC is an international treaty that aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the impacts of climate change. The CBD is a treaty that seeks to protect biodiversity and promote sustainable development. The Paris Agreement is an international treaty that sets out a framework for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to the impacts of climate change.

International environmental treaties are important tools for addressing global environmental challenges. However, their effectiveness depends on the commitment and cooperation of all signatory countries. To be successful, these treaties must be supported by strong political will, adequate resources, and effective implementation mechanisms.

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INTERNATIONAL TREATY ON ENVIRONMENT UPSC

1922: Birdlife Internation( earlier it was called International Council for Bird Preservation)

It was renamed Birdlife International in 1993.
Magazine; “World Birdwatch” contains news about birds, habitats, and their conservation.
It also provides a red list of birds to IUCN
1937:Wetland International

NGO
HQ: Wageningen, Netherland
Work: Wetlands and biodiversity
Partner of Ramsar convention
Develop and mobile knowledge and use practical experience to advocate for better policies
1944: Bretton Wood Conference;

Established IMF and World Bank
1961: World Wildlife Fund for nature

HQ; Gland Switzerland
Six ambition goals:
Climate; climate-resilient and zero-carbon world.
Food; double net food availability
Forest; Conserve the world important forest
Freshwater; secure water
Ocean; safeguard healthy ocean
wildlife; protect

1964: IUCN

International Union for the conservation of Nature
Composed of government and civil society organization
It harnesses the experience, resources
Publish: Red data book
Some critically endangered animals of India:
Pygmy Hog, Namdapha Flying, Malabar Civen, Ghariyal
1972: UNESCO

World Heritage Convention is also known as UNESCO ( United Nations Education Scientific world heritage). Sites are designated for having cultural, historical, scientific, or other forms of significance.

1972; Club of Rome report “the limit to growth”

1973; CITES:

Convention on International trade in endangered species of wild flora and fauna (CITES)
It is an agreement between the countries
Legally binding for signatories
A mutual agreement that does not reflect the national law
1976; TRAFFIC( the wildlife trade monitoring network)

It is an NGO-Non governmental organization
It is also the strategic alliance of the WWF(worldwide fund) and IUCN.
It is against the illegal trade of wildlife that is unsustainable.
1985: Vienna convention for the protection of the ozone layer

1987; Montreal protocol on a substance that depletes the ozone layer. Ban CFC.

1989: Basel convention; Transboundary movement of Hazardous waste and their disposal.

1992: Convention on biological diversity; Nairobi

1992: Global Environment Facility:

Established on eve of Rio Earth Summit 1992.
HQ: Washington
Funds are available to developing countries and economies in transition
GEF support provided to government, NGOs, a private institution, etc
Fund jointly managed by:
United Nations Development Program(UNDP)
World Bank
UNEP-United Nation Environment Program
Focus areas:
Biodiversity
Climate change
Water
Ozone
land degradation
Persistent pollution
GEF support the financing to the following:
UNCBD-United Nations Convention on Biological diversity
UNFCCC-United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change
UNCCD-United Nations Convention to combat desertification
POPs-Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
Minamata Convention on Mercury
1992: Rio-Earth Summit

UNFCCC-United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change( later Kyoto protocol)
CBD-Convention on Biological Diversity( Nagoya and Cartagena protocol)
Agenda-21
UNCCD-United Nation Convention to Combat Desertification

1994: The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

HQ: Bonn, Germany

14th COP-conference of the party to UNCCD was held in New Delhi; 2 to 13 September
Theme: Manual for gender-responsive land degradation neutrality transformative project and programs
1997: Kyoto Protocol

Under UNFCC-United Nation Framework on Climate Change
Six Gases; Co2-Carbon Dioxide, Nitrous oxide-N20, Sulphur Hexafluoride-SF6, Methane-CH4, HFC-Hydrofluorocarbon, PFCs-Perflurocarnon

2001: Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutant

2004: The International Treaty on Plant genetic resources for food and Agriculture( Seed Treaty / sustainable uses of plant genetic resources in line with biodiversity act)

2008: UN-REDD + Programme;

United Nations Program on reducing emission from deforestation and forest degradation
by FAO-Food and agriculture organization
Head Quarter: Geneva, Switzerland
2008: Global Climate Change Alliance

It is the initiative of the European Union(EU).
Purpose to help mainly small islands state and least developing countries.
2010: Green Climate Fund

established under UNFCCC-United Nations Framework Convention on
2012: Rio + 20 Conference

Outcome; Sustainable development; Agenda-21
The Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE), a UN mechanism to assist countries transition towards greener and more inclusive economies

2013: Minamata Convention on Mercury

2016: Kigali Agreement; ozone depletion substance; ban HFC.

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INTERNATIONAL TREATY ON ENVIRONMENT UPSC

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