Human Blood Notes for SSC & UPSC EXAM

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Composition: Human blood is a specialized bodily fluid that circulates throughout the circulatory system. It is composed of various components, including red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), platelets (thrombocytes), and plasma.

Red Blood Cells: Red blood cells are the most abundant cells in the blood and are responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues and removing carbon dioxide. They contain a protein called hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen and gives blood its red color.

White Blood Cells: White blood cells are a vital part of the immune system and play a crucial role in defending the body against infections and diseases. There are different types of white blood cells, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils, each with specific functions.

Platelets: Platelets are small, colorless cell fragments involved in blood clotting. When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets clump together to form a clot, which helps stop bleeding. This process is essential in preventing excessive blood loss.

Plasma: Plasma is the liquid component of blood and makes up approximately 55% of the total blood volume. It is a yellowish fluid that consists of water, proteins, hormones, electrolytes, waste products, and nutrients. Plasma helps transport cells and substances throughout the body.

Blood Types: Human blood is classified into different types based on the presence or absence of specific markers called antigens on the surface of red blood cells. The most well-known blood typing system is the ABO system, which categorizes blood into four types: A, B, AB, and O. Additionally, blood can be Rh-positive or Rh-negative, based on the presence or absence of the Rh antigen.

Blood Donation: Blood donation is a voluntary process where individuals donate a portion of their blood for transfusion to those in need. Donated blood is carefully screened for infectious diseases to ensure its safety before it is used for medical purposes.

Blood Transfusion: Blood transfusion involves the transfer of blood or blood components from a donor to a recipient. It is commonly used in medical treatments, surgeries, and to replace blood loss due to injury or illness.

Blood Disorders: Various medical conditions can affect the components of blood, including anemia (low red blood cell count or hemoglobin levels), leukemia (cancer of the blood cells), hemophilia (a genetic disorder affecting blood clotting), and thrombocytopenia (low platelet count).

It’s important to note that while the information provided here is generally accurate, it’s always recommended to consult medical professionals or reputable sources for specific medical advice or in-depth understanding of blood-related topics.

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Most Important Human Blood Question Answer

Human Blood:

Blood is a fluid connective tissue. The pH value of blood is 7.4. It is basic in nature. There is an average of 5-6 liters of blood in the human body. It also fights infection and regulates temperature. The study of blood is known as Hematology.

Composition of Blood:

Plasma is the largest component comprising of 55%. And blood cells make up the remaining 45% of the blood.

Plasma:

Blood Plasma is liquid portion of Blood (55% of blood). it contain 90% water, and the remaining 10% is a mix of protein, minerals, carbohydrates, and other essential minerals.

The proteins present in plasma play an important role in the human body:

Fibrinogen – helps in blood coagulation.
Albumin – maintains osmotic pressure of plasma, transports lipids, and steroid hormones.
Globulin – Participates in the Immune System

Functions of Plasma:

Plasma helps in maintaining satisfactory blood pressure. It also helps in volume to supplying critical proteins for blood clotting and immunity in the body. Medium for the exchange of vital minerals such as sodium and potassium. It also helps to maintain a proper pH (acid-base) balance in the body, which is necessary for cell function.

Serum:

The serum is similar to plasma but without blood cells or a clotting factor. it will contain a lot of proteins, but not fibrinogen. It is often used to identify blood groups, and for diagnosis of different types of diseases. Serology is the branch of medical science that is involved in study of blood serum.

Human Blood Cell:

Red Blood Cell (RBC)

White Blood Cell (WBC)

Platelets

Human RBCs (Red Blood Cells):

From Greek erythros for “red” and kytos for “hollow vessel”, with -cyte translated as “cell” in modern usage. The most important function of red blood cells is the transport of oxygen to the tissues. Nearly half of the blood’s volume (40% to 45%) is red blood cells. RBCs contain haemoglobin, an important pigment that absorbs oxygen in the lungs, and delivers it to tissues. It collects oxygen from the lungs, travels via the heart to deliver oxygen to all the cells in the body. RBCs are doughnut-shaped but without the hole. This shape is called a biconcave disc. The RBCs in mammalian vertebrates like humans do not have a nucleus when they mature.

Human Red Blood Cells (RBCs) – Production & Life Cycle:

RBCs are produced in the liver of the fetus during its embryonic life but then is succeeded by the bone marrow for adults. The RBCs develop in the bone marrow and circulate for about 100–120 days in the body before their components are recycled by macrophages. Death: The RBCs & platelets die in the spleen which is why it is called the “Graveyard of RBCs”

Haemoglobin:

Haemoglobin is a protein which contains iron. Red blood cells get their red colour because of the presence of haemoglobin Haemoglobin abbreviated Hb or Hgb. The standard amount of Hb: 14.5mg of haemoglobin in every 100 ml of blood. If the amount of Hb is lesser than this standard, it is considered anaemic.

Bilirubin:

The Bilirubin is the by-product you get when red blood cells are broken down. It is excreted from the body in urine & faecal matter. It is brownish yellow in colour. The yellow colour of bruises and brown colour in faeces is due to Bilirubin. The liver secretes bilirubin, which then goes into the bile, gallbladder, and finally into the intestines to be excreted. Bilirubin is excreted from the body in urine & faecal matter. The levels of Bilirubin are usually monitored to check for diseases. High levels of bilirubin in the body indicate Jaundice, which is caused when red blood cell levels are high. It causes yellow skin & eyes.

Packed RBCs, also known as red cell concentrate and packed cells, are RBCs that have been separated for blood transfusion.

Human WBCs (White Blood Cells):

WBCs are also called leukocytes. They are very important as they are cells of the immune system, which is responsible for fighting infections & foreign bodies. WBC are nucleated, meaning their cells have a nucleus. They have a short lifespan of 2 – 5 days. WBC are irregular in shape and thus distinguished based on their structure and function.

They are broadly classified in 5 types, namely:

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

Types of White Blood Cells

The above five can be further classified based on their structure:

Granulocytes – Granules in their cell cytoplasm Agranulocytes – No granules in their cell cytoplasm
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils Lymphocytes
Monocytes

Lymphocytes:

These cells are vital for producing antibodies that help the body to defend itself against bacteria, viruses, and other threats come inside our body.

Neutrophils:

These cells are powerful WBCs that destroy bacteria and fungi.

Basophils:

These cells alert the body to infections by secreting chemicals into the bloodstream of our blood, mostly to combat allergies.

Eosinophils:

These cells are responsible for destroying parasites and cancer cells and they are part of an allergic response.

Monocytes:

These cells are responsible for attacking and breaking down germs or bacteria that enter the body.

Platelets:

Platelets are irregular in shape.
Nucleus is absent.
They are produced in the bone marrow.
The average lifespan of platelets is 3-5 days.
Functions: Platelets are also known as thrombocytes are a component of blood whose function (along with the coagulation factors) is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot to prevent too much blood from the body.

Human Blood Types:

Landsteiner discovered the common blood types A, B, and O in 1901.
Alfred von Decastello has discovered the AB blood group in the year 1902.
The term “Rh” was a short form of “Rhesus factor.”
In 1937, It was discovered by Karl Landsteiner and Alexander S. Wiener who, at the time, believed it to be a similar antigen found in rhesus monkey red blood cells.
Rh factor is present then blood will be positive and absent then it will be negative.
When the Rh factor is present in the blood, then it indicates a positive blood type and a negative blood type when the Rh factor is absent.

Classification of Human Blood

Erythroblastosis Fetalis:

Haemolytic disease of the Foetus and Newborn (HDFN) is called, “Erythroblastosis Fetalis.” It is a blood disorder that occurs when the blood types of a mother and baby are incompatible.
When two people whose blood groups have different Rh Factors, viz the father has a positive blood group, and the mother has a negative blood group.
If the conceived baby has a positive blood group, this baby is born safely. However, the mother’s body develops antibodies against the Rh factor (positive blood group)
When this happens, if the mother becomes pregnant again and the baby has a positive blood group, her WBCs perceive the baby’s RBCs as a foreign body, and attacks them. This baby is at serious risk of dying.

Blood Compatibility Chart for Donation:

Blood Type Donate Blood To Receive Blood From

A+ A+, AB+ A+, A-, O+, O-
A- A+, A-, AB+, AB- A-, O-
B+ B+, AB+ B+, B-, O+, O-
B- B+, B-, AB+, AB- B-, O-
O+ O+, A+, B+, AB+ O+, O-
O- Everyone O-
AB+ AB+ Everyone
AB- AB+, AB- AB-, A-, B-, O-

Blood Clotting:

A blood clot is a clump of blood that has changed from a liquid to a gel-like or semisolid state after the clotting.
Clotting is a necessary process that can prevent you from losing too much blood from the body in certain instances, such as when you’re injured or cut.
The average time for blood clotting is about 2-5 minutes.
Thromboplastin is a plasma protein that aids in blood coagulation by catalyzing the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
Thrombin is a serine protease that converts fibrinogen into fibrin in blood coagulation.
Heparin is a protein produced in the liver. It is an anti-blood-clotting agent.
It keeps blood in liquid form.
Heparin becomes deactivated when thrombin is formed Thrombin + Fibrinogen in presence of Vitamin K makes Fibrin.
It is an insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen during the clotting of blood.
It forms a fibrous mesh structure that aids in impedes the flow of blood.

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