Excretory Product and Its Elimination notes pdf for NEET exam

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Most Important Excretory Product Question

Q 1. Define Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

Solution:

Glomerular Filtration rate (GFR) is the amount of filtrate formed by both the kidneys (nephrons) every minute. The GFR of a healthy person is approximately 125ml per minute. The GFR consists majorly of water and other constituents such as amino acids, glucose, potassium, sodium, urea, uric acid and ketone bodies.

Q 2. Explain the autoregulatory mechanism of GFR.

Solution:

Kidneys regulate the glomerular filtration rate through the mechanism which is auto regulatory. It involves the action of juxtaglomerular apparatus, which is a microscopic structure present between the returning distal convoluted tubule and vascular pole of the renal corpuscle of the same nephron. It regulates the glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow. When the glomerular filtration rate declines, the juxtaglomerular cells are activated for the release of renin. This triggers the glomerular blood flow causing the GFR to revert to normal. Renin causes GFR to revert to normalcy by activating the renin-angiotensin mechanism.

Q 3. Indicate whether the following statements are true or false:

(a) Micturition is carried out by a reflex.

(b) ADH helps in water elimination, making the urine hypotonic.

(c) Protein-free fluid is filtered from blood plasma into the Bowman’s capsule.

(d) Henle’s loop plays an important role in concentrating the urine.

(e) Glucose is actively reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.

Solution:

(a) Micturition is carried out by a reflex – True

(b) ADH helps in water elimination, making the urine hypotonic – False

ADH helps in reabsorption of water causing the urine to be hypotonic.

(c) Protein-free fluid is filtered from blood plasma into the Bowman’s capsule – True

(d) Henle’s loop plays an important role in concentrating the urine – True

(e) Glucose is actively reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule – True

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Most Important Excretory Product Question

Q 4. Describe the role of liver, lungs and skin in excretion.

Solution:

The role of liver, lungs and skin in the process of excretion is as follows:

Liver:

It is the chief site for the removal of inactivated products of steroid hormones, cholesterol, drugs and vitamins.
Dead erythrocytes possess haemoglobin. This haemoglobin is also disintegrated into bile pigments – biliverdin and bilirubin which are treated wastes.
Bile carries substances to the intestine which along with the wastes are eliminated
Lungs:

Carbon dioxide is expelled out of the body by the lungs
Approximately, it eliminates 200ml of carbon dioxide every minute
Water in the form of water vapor is also eliminated
Loss of water increases in colder conditions and declines in humid, hot conditions
During the process of expiration, several volatile material are also ejected
Skin:

It is chiefly responsible for thermoregulation(cooling) of the body
Sweat is excreted by the skin. It contains nitrogenous wastes. Sweat is excreted only when necessary, such as to cool the body
Sweat is excreted by the sweat glands, constitutes of urea, NaCl and lactic acid
Through the sebum, the sebaceous glands removes hydrocarbons, sterols and waxes
A protective oily covering is provided to the skin by the sebum.

Q 5. What is meant by the term osmoregulation?

Solution:

Osmoregulation is the process of regulating the osmotic concentration in the cells of the body by checking the quantity of water and salts.

9. Terrestrial animals are generally either ureotelic or uricotelic, not ammonotelic, why?

Solution:

Ammonia is an extremely toxic nitrogenous waste. In order to reduce the toxicity of ammonia in the body, very large amount of water is necessary. To dilute ammonia, the bodies of terrestrial animals do not possess adequate quantity of water. If the body of terrestrial animals stores this excess ammonia, it may turn extremely poisonous for them. Hence in such animals, ammonia is always converted to less toxic uric acid and urea. This is the reason why terrestrial animals are generally either uricotelic or ureotelic.

Q 6. What is the significance of juxta glomerular apparatus (JGA) in kidney function?

Solution:

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is a specialized sensitive region that is formed by the cellular modifications in the distal convoluted tubule and the afferent arteriole at the location of their contact.

Significance:

Its mechanism is via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
When the glomerular filtration rate dips, the juxtaglomerular apparatus stimulates causing the secretion of renin
This renin converts a protein into a peptide, i.e., angiotensinogen to angiotensin
Angiotensin is a hormone that elevates the GFR and the flow of blood in these three ways:
Narrowing the efferent arterioles to cause an increase in the glomerular pressure
Triggering the walls of the PCT in order to reabsorb more of water and NaCl
Triggers the adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone that facilitates reabsorption of water and NaCl in the DCT.
The volume of blood and blood pressure thereby increases. The hypertonic urine and urine volume decreases.

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