Cell cycle and cell division handwritten notes pdf

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Most Important Cell cycle and cell division Question Answer

Q3. Describe the events taking place during the interphase.

Answer: Interphase refers to the phase in the cell cycle which prepares the cell and its nucleus for division. Interphase is divided into three sub-phases like G1 phase, S Phase and G2 phase.

1. G1 phase- It is the longest stage of interphase, also called the first growth phase or post-mitotic gap phase. Both the cell and its nucleus grow in size. There is the synthesis of RNA, proteins, nucleotides, amino acids for histones, and energy-rich compounds. There is a checkpoint called G1 , where the decision about the entry in the G0 stage is taken. If the decision is made the cell cycle goes on uninterrupted or the cell undergoes the G0 stage. It refers to the resting phase in which the cell is arrested and not allowed to divide.

2. S Phase- In this phase, chromosomes along with their DNA replicates. The content of DNA doubles up, however, the number of chromosomes remains the same. After replication, the daughter chromosomes remain attached in the region of the centromere. The centrosome, if present begins to divide.

3. G2 phase- This phase is characterized by increased synthesis of RNA and proteins. The cell organelles undergo multiplication in this phase while the cell grows in size. The G2 phase is also called as second growth phase or pre-mitotic gap phase.

Q4. What is the Go (quiescent phase) of the cell cycle?

Answer: G o (quiescent phase)- It refers to the stage of inactivation of the cell cycle due to the absence of mitogens and energy-rich compounds. The cells of this stage are metabolically active and they act as reserve cells i.e. they undergo growth and differentiation for a specific function. E.g Cells in the quiescent center of the root tip.

Q5. Why is mitosis called equational division?

Answer: Mitosis is called equational division because, at the end of mitosis, the numbers of chromosomes remain the same in parental cells and daughter cells. Similarly, the ploidy of the parental and daughter cells also remains the same in mitosis.

(i) Chromosomes are moved to the spindle equator.
Answer:(i)Chromosomes are moved to the spindle equator During metaphase, the chromosomes move to the spindle equator and align themselves there.

(ii)Centromere splits and chromatids separate.
Answer: (ii)Centromere splits and chromatids separate During anaphase, the centromere splits, and chromatids are separated. These chromatids after separation move to the opposite poles.

(iii)The pairing between homologous chromosomes takes place.
Answer: (iii)The pairing between homologous chromosomes takes place The pairing between homologous chromosomes takes place during zygotene of prophase I of meiosis I.

(iv)Crossing over between homologous chromosomes takes place.
Answer: (iv)Crossing over between homologous chromosomes takes place Crossing over between homologous chromosomes takes place during pachytene of prophase I of meiosis I.

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Most Important Cell cycle and cell division Question Answer

Q6. Find examples where the four daughter cells from meiosis are equal in size and where they are found unequal in size.

Answer: Meiosis is the reductional division that leads to the formation of four daughter cells which have half the number of chromosomes than the parent cell. Meiosis takes place during gametogenesis. Spermatogenesis and oogenesis in humans need meiotic division. During spermatogenesis, the four daughter cells or sperms formed are equal in size while during oogenesis the daughter cells are unequal in size. Out of the 4 daughter cells 1 big mature ovum and 3 small polar bodies are formed

Q7. Can there be mitosis without DNA replication in the ‘S’ phase?

Answer: Without DNA replication in the ‘S’ phase, mitosis cannot occur. During DNA replication, DNA duplicates and this is a very important step. If DNA duplication does not occur in mitosis, there will be a reduction in the number of chromosomes of daughter cells. Thus, mitosis cannot occur without DNA replication.

Q8. Can there be DNA replication without cell division?

Answer: Yes, DNA replication can occur without being followed by cell division. For example, polyteny is a condition in which chromosomes repeatedly replicate but the cells do not divide and as a result of this, DNA accumulates in the cell.

Q16. Analyze the events during every stage of the cell cycle and notice how the following two parameters change

(i) number of chromosomes (N) per cell

Answer: The number of chromosomes (N) per cell changes during the anaphase I stage of meiosis I. During this stage, the homologous chromosomes get separated and start moving towards the opposite poles. Thus, the bivalents get divided into sister chromatids. This leads to a reduction of the number of chromosomes to half in daughter cells.

Q12. What is the significance of meiosis?

Answer: The process of meiosis is essential for all sexually reproducing organisms. It occurs in reproductive cells to form gametes that have half the number of chromosomes of the reproductive cells. The two gametes from reproductive cells fuse with each other to form a zygote. As a result, the zygote comes to have a double number of chromosomes.

Thus, meiosis maintains the chromosome number of organisms. apart from this, there are other significances of meiosis also. Some of these are as follows

Meiosis form gametes that are required for sexual reproduction
Meiosis maintains the fixed number of chromosomes in sexually reproducing organisms by having the same during gametogenesis
In meiosis, paternal and maternal chromosomes assort independently. It causes a reshuffling of chromosomes and the traits controlled by them. The variations help the breeders in improving the races of useful plants and animals.
Meiosis introduces a new combination of traits or variations.
Chromosomal and genomic mutations occur by irregularities of meiotic division. Some of these mutations are useful to the organism.

Q13. Discuss with your teacher about

(i)haploid insects and lower plants where cell division occurs

Answer: In some lower plants and haploid insects such as drones of a honey bee, meiosis occurs in the zygote. This type of meiosis is called zygotic meiosis whereas this type of life cycle is called the haplontic life cycle.

(ii)some haploid cells in higher plants where cell division does not occur.

Answer: Synergids and antipodals are haploid cells in higher plants where cell division does not occur.

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